Create and Connect to a PostgreSQL Database

Render provides fully managed PostgreSQL databases for encrypted, scalable storage of relational data.

All paid PostgreSQL databases provide point-in-time recovery and on-demand logical backups. Larger instances support read replicas and high availability for improved performance and reliability.

Quickstarts

These Render quickstarts include steps for provisioning a PostgreSQL database:

• Django
• Rails
• Phoenix

Create your database

1. Go to dashboard.render.com/new/database, or select New > PostgreSQL from the Render Dashboard.

   This form appears:

   

2. Provide a helpful Name for your database.

   • You can change this value at any time.

3. Optionally fill in the Database and/or User fields if you want to set your PostgreSQL dbname and/or username.

   • Render generates values for either of these that you don’t specify.
   • You can’t change these values after creating your database.

4. Choose a Region to run your database in.

   • Choose the same region as your services that will connect to the database. This minimizes latency and enables communication over your private network.

5. Optionally change the PostgreSQL Version if you want to use an older version.

   • Major versions 12 through 16 are available for all new instances.
   • Version 11 is also available if the owning workspace has at least one existing database on version 11.

6. Scroll down and select an instance type for your database. This determines its available RAM and CPU.

   Learn about Free instance type limitations.

   

   You can change your instance type later.

7. Scroll down and set your database’s initial storage, in GB.

   • You can specify 1 GB or any multiple of 5 GB.
   • You can increase your storage later, but you can’t decrease it.

8. Click Create Database.

You’re all set! Your new database’s status updates to Available in the Render Dashboard when it’s ready to use.

Connect to your database

Every Render PostgreSQL database has two different URLs for incoming connections:

• An internal URL for connections from your other Render services hosted in the same region
• An external URL for connections from everything else

Use the internal URL wherever possible. It minimizes query latency by enabling communication over your private network.

Both URLs are available from the Connect menu in the top-right corner of your database’s page in the Render Dashboard:

How you connect to your database depends on your code: some frameworks expect a single connection string or URL in an environment variable, while others need multiple connection parameters in a configuration file. See Quickstarts for examples.

At a minimum, your app needs to know your database’s hostname, port, username, password, and database name (such as mydb in the official PostgreSQL tutorial).

Internal connections

Wherever possible, connect to your database using its internal URL. Internal connection details are available on your database’s Info page in the Render Dashboard:

You can view individual details, along with the assembled internal URL (of the format postgresql://USER:PASSWORD@INTERNAL_HOST:PORT/DATABASE). Use whichever format your framework expects for database credentials.

External connections

Tools and systems outside of Render can connect to your database via its external URL, available in the Render Dashboard:

Most database clients understand the external URL, which has the format postgresql://USER:PASSWORD@EXTERNAL_HOST:PORT/DATABASE.

You can also run the provided PSQL Command directly in your terminal to start a psql session.

Restricting external access

By default, your PostgreSQL instance is accessible from any IP address (if the connection uses valid credentials). You can modify this default behavior by restricting access to a set of IPs or even disabling external access entirely.

In the Render Dashboard, go to your database’s Info page and scroll down to the Access Control section:

You can specify IP address blocks using CIDR notation.

Connection limits

Your database’s maximum number of simultaneous connections depends on its instance type’s total memory (RAM):

If you’re approaching your connection limit, consider upgrading your instance type or implementing connection pooling.

Storage capacity

You set your database’s initial storage during the creation flow. You can set your storage to 1 GB or any multiple of 5 GB.

Increasing storage

You can increase your database’s storage at any time. Adding storage doesn’t require any downtime, unless you also change your instance type.

1. From your database’s Info page in the Render Dashboard, scroll down to the PostgreSQL Instance section and click Update:

   

2. Scroll down to the Storage field and provide a new value.

   • You can increase your storage to any multiple of 5 GB.
   • You can’t decrease your storage.

3. Click Save Changes.

That’s it! The additional storage becomes available within a minute or two.

Changing your instance type

You can change your PostgreSQL database’s instance type, which determines its available RAM and CPU. View available instance types.

1. From your database’s Info page in the Render Dashboard, scroll down to the PostgreSQL Instance section and click Update:

   

2. Under Plan Options, select a new Instance Type.

   • If your database currently uses a legacy instance type, you won’t be able to move back to a legacy instance type after changing.

3. Click Save Changes.

That’s it! Your new instance will be available within a few minutes.

Adding multiple databases to a single instance

You can create additional databases in your Render PostgreSQL instance with the following steps:

1. In your terminal, open a psql session to your instance using the PSQL Command provided in the Render Dashboard:

   

2. Run CREATE DATABASE <name>, providing the name for your new database.

You’re all set! Use your instance’s same internal and external URLs to connect, except substitute your new database’s name as the final component:

postgresql://USER:PASSWORD@INTERNAL_HOST:PORT/DATABASE

Encryption

Render encrypts PostgreSQL databases at rest using AES-256 data encryption. This encryption applies to both primary and replica instances, along with all automated backups. External connectionsto your database are encrypted in transit using Render-managed TLS certificates.

Metrics and logs

Dashboard

You can view metrics for your database from its Metrics page in the Render Dashboard:

This page provides interactive graphs for:

• Memory
• CPU
• Storage
• Active connections
• Replication lag (if your database has a read replica)

Datadog

The Datadog integration provides additional metrics related to your PostgreSQL instance’s host and disk. You can also use the Datadog UI to create dashboards and alerts for your database.

For details, see the Datadog integration docs.

Viewing slow query logs

Queries that take longer than 2 seconds are logged with a line that starts with duration: followed by the SQL statement. Here’s an example:

Deleting your database

You can delete a database instance in the Render Dashboard. Scroll down to the bottom of your database’s Info page and click Delete Database.

Additional topics

See articles on the following:

• Recovery and backups
• Read replicas
• High availability
• Upgrading your PostgreSQL version
• Connection pooling
• PostgreSQL extensions
• Performance troubleshooting